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roots rock
Roots rock is rock music that looks back to rock's origins in folk, blues and country music.〔P. Auslander, ''Liveness: performance in a mediatized culture'' (London: Routledge, 2008), p. 83.〕 It is particularly associated with the creation of hybrid subgenres from the later 1960s including country rock and Southern rock, which have been seen as responses to the perceived excesses of dominant psychedelic and developing progressive rock.〔V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All music guide to rock: the definitive guide to rock, pop, and soul'' (Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), p. 1327.〕 Because ''roots music'' (Americana) is often used to mean folk and world musical forms, roots rock is sometimes used in a broad sense to describe any rock music that incorporates elements of this music.〔R. Shuker, ''Popular Music: the Key Concepts'' (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 235.〕 In the 1980s, roots rock enjoyed a revival in response to trends in punk rock, new wave and heavy metal music.
==History==
In 1966, as many rock artists moved towards expansive and experimental psychedelia, Bob Dylan spearheaded the back-to-basics roots revival when he went to Nashville to record the album ''Blonde on Blonde'', using notable local musicians like Charlie McCoy.〔 This, and the subsequent more clearly country-influenced albums, ''John Wesley Harding'' (1967) and ''Nashville Skyline'' (1969), have been seen as creating the genre of country folk, a route pursued by a number of, largely acoustic, folk musicians.〔K. Wolff, O. Duane, ''Country Music: The Rough Guide'' (Rough Guides, 2000), p. 392.〕 Other acts that followed the back to basics trend in different ways were the Canadian/American group The Band and the California-based Creedence Clearwater Revival, both of which mixed basic rock and roll with folk, country and blues, to be among the most successful and influential bands of the late 1960s.〔V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All music guide to rock: the definitive guide to rock, pop, and soul'' (Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), pp. 61 and 265.〕 The same movement saw the beginning of the recording careers of Californian solo artists like Ry Cooder, Bonnie Raitt and Lowell George.〔B. Hoskyns, ''Hotel California: The True-Life Adventures of Crosby, Stills, Nash, Young, Mitchell, Taylor, Browne, Ronstadt, Geffen, the Eagles, and Their Many Friends'' (John Wiley and Sons, 2007), pp. 87-90.〕 The back to basics tendency would also be evident in the Rolling Stones' ''Beggars Banquet'' (1968) and ''Exile on Main Street'' (1972), as well as the Beatles' ''The White Album'' (1968) and ''Let It Be'' (1970).,〔V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra, S. T. Erlewine, eds, ''All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues'' (Backbeat, 3rd edn., 2003), pp. 1322-3.〕 and also on The Doors' ''Morrison Hotel'' (1970) and ''LA Woman'' (1971).
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